BS in Pharmacy in the Philippines

 

 

 The Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy is a four-year college degree intended for people who wants to have a career in the various fields of the pharmaceutical industry. The study of pharmacy focuses on the identification, discovery, isolation, synthesis, and formulation of biologically active compounds for clinical use.

The BS Pharmacy curriculum comprises of 72-units of CHED-mandated general education courses, 30-units essential core subjects, and 90-units professional pharmacy courses presented thru lectures and laboratory classes. The program requires Thesis and Research Project in addition to the Practicum in the three major pharmaceutical areas of internship, namely the community, hospital and manufacturing.

Graduates of BS in Pharmacy are provided with a broad spectrum of training that may lead to employment in a wide range of scientific fields, principally in higher education institutions, community drug stores, hospitals, government agencies, research establishments, public health and in the pharmaceutical industry. They may also choose to continue with Medical education.

Is Pharmacy a profession?

Pharmacy is a profession.

A graduate of BS in Pharmacy who passed the Pharmacist Licensure Examination is called a Pharmacist. Pharmacists are trained healthcare professionals who perform various roles in the healthcare industry. They are competent in managing drug stores; in identifying, developing, manufacturing and dispensing of drugs; and in providing pharmaceutical care as well as counseling clients in the proper use of both prescribed and patient chosen medications.

What are the admission requirements for BS Pharmacy?

Requirements at each school may differ, but these are the common requirements:

• Must be a high school graduate.

What skills will help you succeed in this course?

• Ability to carry out basic mathematical and statistical computations
• Critical, analytical and problem solving skills
• Adequate technical writing skills
• Being able to make observations and distinguish small differences between samples and events
• Objective viewpoint for discerning information and analyzing biases of other people
• Ability to perform various laboratory tasks independently or as part of a team
• Effective oral communication abilities

How difficult is this course?

Generally, Pharmacy is a difficult college course. There are a lot of chemistry and pharmaceutical subjects that necessitate hard work, comprehension and memorization. Laboratory discussions and thesis defense require patience, dedication and proficiency in communication. Learning about doses and several clinical procedures involve problem solving and mathematical competencies.

How long does it take to complete BS in Pharmacy in the Philippines?

The BS in Pharmacy program takes 4 years to complete. Some schools who apply the trimesteral system complete the program in shorter time.

On the Job training / Internship

CHED mandated a practicum or on-the-job training (OJT) for BS Pharmacy students as a requirement for graduation (see source - section 10). Students will undergo a total of 960 hours of hands-on training to provide them with actual experience in the various fields of pharmacy. 200 hours will be spent for each area of pharmacy, namely the retail (drugstore), clinical (hospital), and manufacturing (pharmaceutical company). The final 360 hours will be allocated to a major internship. This will help the students decide the particular specialization they will pursue and provide them the necessary competencies and skills.

Specializations of BS in Pharmacy:

• Clinical Pharmacy – focuses with the clinical or hospital aspects of pharmacology, such as giving patient accurate drug information and advising physicians in possible pharmaceutical treatments in specialized areas of practice such as psychiatry, ambulatory care, cardiology, pediatrics, critical care, neurology, etc.
• Community / Retail Pharmacy – deals with concepts, theories, and principles of marketing pharmaceutical products and entrepreneurship of pharmacy business. Aside from health care administration, the course includes pharmaceutical management, business planning, feasibility studies as well as product information, price, promotion and distribution.
• Manufacturing Pharmacy – concentrates on the study of principles, methods and technology involved in the research, development and production of various pharmaceutical products, including the requirements for packaging, equipments and manufacturing facilities.

Career opportunities for BS Pharmacy graduates

• Jobs for licensed Pharmacists (board exam passers)

  • Entry Level jobs
    Jobs requiring no prior to minimal level of experience:
    • Pharmaceutical Sales Representative (Med Rep) – are sales people employed by pharmaceutical companies to persuade doctors to prescribe their drugs to patients.
    • Community Pharmacist – works to ensure the correct and safe supply of medical products to the general public while abiding by legal and ethical guidelines; involved in maintaining and improving people's health by providing advice and information and supplying prescription medicines.
    • Hospital Pharmacist – works in a hospital pharmacy service primarily within the public sector; uses specialist knowledge to dispense drugs and advice patients about the medicines they have been prescribed; works collaboratively with other healthcare professionals to devise the most appropriate drug treatment for patients.
    • Regulatory Affairs Officer – ensures the appropriate licensing, marketing and legal compliance of pharmaceutical and medical products such as medicines, chemicals, pesticides, therapeutic devices and other products.
  • Mid-Level Positions
    Require trainings and prior job experience of a few years:
    • Pharmacy Manager – responsible for daily operational functions of the Pharmacy, training and scheduling staff, ensuring compliance with expectations; and developing and monitoring quality improvement processes
    • Process Development Pharmacist – responsible for identifying and developing new procedures for drug and medicine manufacture, as well as implementing process controls to ensure that quality products are manufactured in a reproducible manner.
    • Clinical Research Associate – employed by pharmaceutical companies to run clinical trials to test new or existing drugs for their effectiveness, risks, benefits, and to ensure they are safe to allowed on to the market.
    • Medical Research Scientist – work to develop new, or improve existing drugs, treatments or other medically related products to increase scientific knowledge on topics related to medicine through the use of experiments.
    • Pharmacologist – investigates how drugs and chemicals interact with biological systems; aims to understand how drugs work so they can be used effectively and safely; carries out research to aid drug discovery and development.
  • Advanced Positions
    Require years of extensive experience and practice:
    • Chief Pharmacist – manages and supervise the overall operations of a pharmaceutical company, be it in retail, hospital or in manufacture
    • Higher Education Professors – facilitate learning and carry out research activities in universities and some colleges of further education. They teach academic subjects to undergraduate and postgraduate courses.
    • Environmental Health Practitioners – act as advisers, educators, consultants, managers and enforcement officers, ensuring people are able to live, work and play in safe, healthy environments.

• Jobs for Non Board Passers:

  • Pharmacy Assistant – helps the Pharmacist in dispensing medicines in community, hospital or in industrial setting
  • Pharmacy Technician – help licensed Pharmacists in performing routine tasks such as counting tablets and labeling bottles to help prepare prescribed medication.

BS in Chemical Engineering in the Philippines

 

BS in Chemical Engineering in the Philippines

Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering (BSChe) is a five year degree program that equips students with an understanding of both engineering and chemical principles, and develops proficiency in the design, development, operation and management of industrial processes in which materials are transformed by chemical reaction and/or physical means.

The BSChe program develops students’ skills in the analysis of chemical processes, the design of effective laboratory experiments to test hypotheses and verify assumptions, as well as to analyze and interpret data and simulate processes. Other components of this program are the processes of evaluation, planning and preparation of specifications and cost estimates, operation and management of industrial plants.

Subjects and Curriculum

The subjects in the BSChe curriculum are divided into three categories:

• Technical Courses:
  • Mathematics: College Algebra, Advanced Algebra, Plane and Spherical Trigonometry, Analytic Geometry, Solid Mensuration, Differential Calculus, Integral Calculus, Differential Equations, Probability and Statistics
  • Natural/Physical Sciences: General Chemistry, Physics 1 and 2
  • Basic Engineering Sciences: Engineering Drawing, Computer Fundamentals and Programming, Computer-Aided Drafting, Statics of Rigid Bodies, Dynamics of Rigid Bodies, Mechanics of Deformable Bodies, Engineering Economy, Engineering Management, Environmental Engineering, Safety Management,
  • Allied Courses: General Chemistry Calculations, Analytical Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Industrial Chemistry, Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Introduction to Biotechnology, Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering, Quantitative Methods in Management, Safety in the Process Industry
  • Professional Courses: Advanced Engineering Mathematics in Chemical Engineering, Physical Chemistry for Engineers 1 and 2, Chemical Engineering Calculations 1 and 2, Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics 1 and 2, Principles of Transport Processes, Chemical Process Industries, Momentum Transfer, Heat and Mass Transfer, Separation Processes, Introduction to Particle Technology, Chemical Reaction Engineering, Process Dynamics and Control, Biochemical Engineering, Industrial Waste Management and Control, Chemical Engineering Plant Design, Equipment Design, Laws and Ethics for Chemical Engineers, Computer Applications in Chemical Engineering, Methods of Research
• Non-Technical Courses:
  • Social Sciences: Social Science 1 to 4
  • Humanities: Humanities 1 to 3
  • Languages: Languages 1 to 4
  • Mandated Subjects
• Technical Electives:
  
  • Food and Drug Manufacturing: Food Processing Technologies, Pharmaceuticals, Soaps/Detergents, Cosmeteuticals
  • Packaging Technologies: Fundamental Principles of Packaging, Packaging Materials and Components
  • Environmental Management: Air Pollution Control, Solids Waste Management, Hazardous Waste Management,
  • Petrochemical Engineering: Introduction to Petroleum Engineering, Polymer Engineering, Plastics Technology
  • Energy Engineering: Renewable Energy Technologies, Energy Management, Nuclear Engineering
  • Biotechnology: Molecular Biology, Enzyme Technologies
  • Paints and Coating Technology: Paints and Coatings, Ink Technology
  • Semiconductor Technology: Microelectronic Materials for Chemical Engineering, Nanotechnology
  • Entrepreneurship
  • Emerging Technologies

The lessons in the BSChe program are taught to students through classroom lectures and laboratory exercises, seminars and educational talks. Frequent field trips and plant visits are scheduled where students are able to see and observe firsthand what goes on inside laboratories and industrial plants.

During the fifth year of study, students are required to make a Plant Design/Project Study where they focus on the manufacturing of a particular product including its marketing, technical, and financial aspects. In this project, students will be able to apply the engineering principals they have learned.

Students also need to prepare a thesis paper with a topic related to problems that arise in the practice of chemical engineering. After completion the student defends his/her work in front of his/her research teacher or any other expert in the field of chemical engineering.

In addition to the from Plant Design/Project Study and thesis paper, students must also complete the number of hours intended for Industry Immersion.

BS in Chemical Engineering vs BS in Chemistry

While BS in Chemistry’s curriculum contains mainly Chemistry subjects, BS in Chemical Engineering’s curriculum has combined Chemistry subjects, Engineering subjects and an intensive set of mathematics subjects. Chemical Engineering is more diverse and general than Chemistry, and the range of positions a BS Chemical Engineering graduate can apply to are broader.

In terms of duration, BS in Chemistry is a four year course while BS in Chemical Engineering is a five year course.

Both courses have correlating licensure examinations that can be taken by graduates in order to become licensed practitioners.

Is Chemical Engineering a profession?

Chemical Engineering is a profession. A graduate of BSChe who passes the Chemical Engineering Licensure Examination is called a Registered Chemical Engineer.

The responsibilities of a Chemical Engineer include:

• Develop safety procedures to be employed by workers operating equipment or working in close proximity to on-going chemical reactions
• Determine most effective arrangement of operations, such as mixing, crushing, heat transfer, distillation, and drying
• Prepare estimate of production costs and production progress reports for management
• Direct activities of workers who operate or who are engaged in constructing and improving absorption, evaporation, or electromagnetic equipment
• Perform laboratory studies of steps in manufacture of new product and test proposed process in small scale operation (pilot plant)
• Develop processes to separate components of liquids or gases or generate electrical currents, using controlled chemical processes
• Conduct research to develop new and improved chemical manufacturing processes
• Design measurement and control systems for chemical plants based on data collected in laboratory experiments and in pilot plant operations
• Design and plan layout of equipment

What skills, traits and attitude will help you succeed in this course?

• Aptitude for Chemistry and related sciences – the foundation to succeed in this course is centered mainly on having a keen interest in Chemistry and related sciences. Students must have the innate ability to understand Chemistry and other science subjects.
• Aptitude for Physics and Mathematics – math and physics are the fundamental tools in chemical engineering. Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics go hand in hand therefore a student must also have the aptitude for the first two subjects and possess the ability to apply them in chemical problems. Math is most important in this course because majority of subjects use both basic and complicated forms of mathematical equation.
• Logical skills – this is a must when taking up BSChe. Scientific experiments, laboratory work, mathematical and chemical computations all need to follow a specific concept, a step by step process. However, most often is up to the student to think in an abstract manner and create a problem-solving process of his own based upon the concepts that he/she has learned. Logical Intelligence means that you are able to recognize patterns and logically analyze problems. You must be able to think conceptually about numbers, relationships and patterns.
• Analytical skills – chemical engineering is a very complex subject matter. Strong analytical skill is essential because you will be dealing with a lot of chemical process so you should be able to integrate knowledge across chemical sub-disciplines and apply this knowledge to solve problems
• Abstract thinking – the ability to evaluate and interpret data derived from laboratory observations and measurements in terms of their significance, and to relate them to appropriate theories
• Problem-Solving skills – taking into consideration that Chemistry is a subject that is taught to students in high school they students should be able to apply the scientific method: define a problem clearly, develop testable hypotheses, design and execute experiments, analyze data, and draw appropriate conclusions.
• Mechanical Inclination – during the Industry Immersion students will be taught different chemical engineering procedures and protocol used in the specific industry, this may entail using a lot of equipment and tools that may be difficult to use, and excellent mechanical inclination would be an advantage.
• Detail Oriented – during scientific experiments and lab exercises you must pay attention to the smallest detail, committing even the slightest mistake will yield a different result or may even cause laboratory accidents.
• Strong Observational skills – having strong observational skills will be very helpful when you study this course. When solving problems or doing computations and laboratory experiments your professors will demonstrate the task to you at first, however, they will do this only once and you will be left alone doing the rest thus you must be very good in observation.
• Freehand skills – the ability to transform a design into an image through drawing and sketching
• Technical skills – since you will be doing a lot of laboratory work the ability to use complex equipment and modern chemical instruments both safely and accurately are important
• Computer Knowledge – a wide knowledge on computers is critical to succeeding in the majority of engineering courses because much of the actual design work is done using computers.
• Research skills – the ability to undertake in depth investigations, collecting complex data, using a variety of different approaches, in order to reach conclusions about a range of scientific issues
• Memorization skills – while most of the subjects in the BSChe need deeper understanding, there are certain concepts, theories and formulas that you have to memorize so that you will be able to carry on more complex tasks in chemistry.
• Communication skills – covering both written and oral communication; this includes the ability to present scientific information in a clear and concise manner and to discuss them intelligently, both in writing and orally.
• Patience/Persistence – to survive this course you must be patient, because lecture and laboratory hours will be very long, ranging from 3 to 6 hours. During laboratory work, you will not always achieve the result of a certain experiment so you need to be very persistent.

How difficult is BS in Chemical Engineering?

BS in Chemical Engineering is one of the most difficult programs in the Philippines. Chemistry is a highly complex subject and combining it with engineering makes it even harder. This program also integrates a lot of Physics principles and theories which is another difficult subject for most people.

Majority of BSChe subjects are paired with laboratory; long lecture hours coupled with long laboratory hours, highly technical long exams and case analysis projects wear students down, and it is the reason why many decide to shift to easier courses.

Aside from this, students have to study a wide array of other subjects, choose an area of specialization that he/she must take in the fifth year, and complete the Industry Immersion, thesis paper and Plant Design/Project Study. Plant design and thesis, both on your fifth/last year of study, are the most tedious of all. It will definitely lead to a lot of sleepless nights.

Lastly, the most difficult part of this program is the board exam. You will need to study intensively, review every single concept and take several comprehensive practice examinations to ensure that you’ll be able to pass this exam.

How long does it take to complete the BSChe program in the Philippines?

The BS in Chemical Engineering program takes five years to complete. The program may be completed in less than 5 years in schools that follow the trimestral curriculum.

Industry Immersion

The Industry Immersion, equivalent to an on the job training (OJT) in other courses, is taken by BSChem students in the fifth year of their studies. During the Industry Immersion, students are given the opportunity to apply their knowledge and practice their skills in actual settings. The immersion program is done under the supervision of a licensed chemical engineer in the establishment/office which will evaluate the student periodically and submit the evaluation form to the assigned faculty member.

Students will be assigned in a company related to their specific field of study. Chemical, energy, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, electronic device fabrication, environmental and oil industries are just some of the companies that students may be assigned in.

The number of hours required for the Industry Immersion is 240.

Fields of Specialization

• Food and Drug Manufacturing – revolves around the chemical procedures used in food, pharmaceuticals and soaps/detergents manufacturing
• Packaging Technologies – teaches students the materials used in packaging, how they are processed and the principles that need to be followed in executing packaging procedures
• Environmental Management – concerned with applying chemical engineering to control air pollution, solid waste and hazardous waste
• Petrochemical Engineering – emphasis is placed on Petroleum Engineering, Polymer Engineering and Plastics Technology
• Energy Engineering – topics of interest include Renewable Energy Technologies, Energy Management and Nuclear Engineering
• Biotechnology – lessons primarily center on molecular biology and enzyme technologies.
• Paints and Coating Technology – teaches students the chemical and engineering procedures involved in the production of ink technology and paints and coatings
• Semiconductor Technology – teaches students all about Microelectronic Materials for Chemical Engineering and Nanotechnology
• Entrepreneurship – teaches students on how chemical engineering can be used and applied in entrepreneurship
• Emerging Technologies – discusses current trends and newly developed technologies used in chemical engineering and how they can be utilized in different industrie

Career opportunities for BS in Chemical Engineering graduates

• Jobs for licensed Chemical Engineers (board exam passers)

  • Chemical Engineer working in biotechnology, chemical process, design and construction, electronics, energy and fuels and food industries – responsible for developing new industrial processes and designing new process plants/equipment or modifying existing ones.
  • Manufacturing engineer – plans, designs, sets up, modifies, optimizes and monitors manufacturing processes.
  • Plant Process Engineer – provides technical support and troubleshoots processes in a production facility.
  • Quality Control Engineer – monitors the manufacture of a product to ensure that it meets specifications. Also, tests materials to determine how they perform over time.
  • Process Safety Engineer – designs and maintains plants and processes that are safer for workers and communities.
  • Chemical Engineering Professor – instructs students in the field of chemical engineering and conducts research in pertinent areas.
  • Technical Services Engineer – works with customers, usually on-site, to solve production problems caused by a specific process or machine.
  • Project Engineer – oversees the design and construction of specific processes in a facility.
  • Instrumentation Engineer – design strain gauges or sensors that capture data about the safety, efficiency, and reliability of industrial machines used in the manufacturing process.
  • Process Design Engineer – designs manufacturing facilities and the equipment and material used inside.
  • Product/process development scientist – responsible for identifying and developing new processes for product manufacture, as well as putting in place process controls to make sure the products are of a high quality and are manufactured in a reproducible manner
  • Production Manager – involved with the planning, coordination and control of manufacturing processes. They ensure that goods and services are produced efficiently and that the correct amount is produced at the right cost and level of quality.
  • Technical Manager – manages people, research programs and daily operations of the engineering functions.
  • Energy Engineer – involved with the production of energy through natural resources, such as the extraction of oil and gas, as well as from renewable or sustainable sources of energy, including biofuels, hydro, wind and solar power.
  • Petroleum Engineer – involved in nearly all of the stages of oil and gas field evaluation, development and production. The aim of their work is to maximize hydrocarbon recovery at minimum cost while maintaining a strong emphasis on reducing environmental impact.
  • Reservoir engineers – who work to optimize production of oil and gas via proper well placement, production levels and enhanced oil recovery techniques
  • Materials Engineer – responsible for the research, specification, design and development of materials to advance technologies of many kinds; their expertise lies in understanding the properties and behaviors of different substances, from raw materials to finished products.
  • Environmental engineer – design, plan, or perform engineering duties in the prevention, control, and remediation of environmental health hazards utilizing various engineering disciplines. Work may include waste treatment, site remediation, or pollution control technology.
  • Research & Development Engineer – seeks out new and efficient ways of producing existing products. Explores and develops new processes and products.

BS in Electrical Engineering in the Philippines

BS in Electrical Engineering in the Philippines

The Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering (BSEE) is a 5-year degree program which centers on the generation and utilization of electricity for industrial, commercial, and residential purposes. Apart from the production of electricity, BS in Electrical Engineering also deals with the development and real-life applications of electrical circuitry, digital systems, electrical equipments, and machine control. 

Its curriculum was designed in a way that it will equip students with a solid grasp of mathematical, scientific, and engineering concepts, through classroom education and laboratory exercises. 
Some of the subjects covered include:

• Algebra (College and Advanced)
• Trigonometry
• Analytical Geometry
• Calculus (Differential and Integral)
• General Chemistry
• Physics Subjects
• Basic Engineering Subjects (e.g., Dynamics of Rigid Bodies; Engineering Management; Computer Fundamentals and Programming)
• Core Electrical Engineering Subjects (e.g., Electrical Circuits; Electrical System Design; Power Plant Engineering)
• Non-Technical Subjects (e.g., English; Social Sciences; Humanities; Physical Education)

The laboratory experience will familiarize students with the different devices and methodical techniques that are essential in the practice of this field. In addition, their theoretical knowledge will further be enhanced, made relevant, and practiced, through the On-the-Job Training period that they are required to go through at the latter part of the degree program. 

Is Electrical Engineering a profession?

Electrical Engineering is a profession. 
A graduate of BS in Electrical Engineering who passed the Electrical Engineer Licensure Examination is called an Electrical Engineer. An Electrical Engineers job includes the design of electrical and digital systems, creation of models and prototypes of electronic products and systems, installation and testing of electrical equipments, operation and maintenance of these machines and devices, as well as coming up with economical and safer ways of accomplishing various electrical engineering projects.

What skills will help you succeed in this course?

Some of the necessary skills that you should possess in order to excel in this course are the following:

• Mathematical Skills – you need to have advanced computational skills and be equipped with a strong foundation of mathematical concepts in order for you to solve problems
• Analytical Skills – the ability to identify the kinds of data that are actually important and figure out how to solve problems
• Critical Thinking – the ability to think logically and make use of reasoning in evaluating the different solutions or approaches to a problem
• Technical Skills – the ability to perform various tasks related to engineering, mathematics, science, and technology. Moreover, this can also refer to the ability to operate various equipments and software.
• English Skills – the ability to read, write, and communicate well in English is necessary because most of the technical literature and required reading materials are in this language.
• Communication Skills – the ability to present information both in verbal and written form. You will be required to accomplish written reports on assigned projects and present them orally to your professors and classmates
• Creativity – the ability to come up with unique concepts and designs for electrical systems, digital systems, and electrical equipments. This skill is also needed in creating the models and prototypes of the conceptualized designs that are usually presented in class.
• Interpersonal Skills – the ability to communicate and interact harmoniously with other people will definitely help you work on group projects and activities with your classmates.

How difficult is this course?

BS in Electrical Engineering is one of the most difficult courses. This is probably because most of the subjects are highly technical and scientific in nature. Furthermore, this degree program involves a lot of computations, analyses, and abstract and logical thinking. 

There are many students who shift to other degree programs because they find it too difficult or some are even advised by the school administration because of their inability to meet the cutoff grades or course requirements. BSEE is made even more difficult because of the licensure examination that graduates are required to pass in order to be a registered electrical engineer. 

How long does it take to complete BS in Electrical Engineering in the Philippines?

Normally, the BSEE program takes 5 years to complete. Some schools who apply the trimester system do the program in a shorter time. 

On the job training takes a minimum of 240 hours to complete. 

Reviews for the board exam may require an additional 4-12 months, depending on whether you pass the board exam on your first try. 

On The Job Training / Internship

As stated in the 2008 Memorandum Order (No. 34) of the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), electrical engineering students are required to undergo a minimum of 240 hours of On-the-Job Training. 

However, schools offering BS in Electrical Engineering can also opt to substitute OJT with projects or additional school requirements that will enhance the students understanding of this field and somehow prepare them for real-life applications of the various electrical engineering concepts that they learned. 

Some schools facilitate their students in their search for internship opportunities, while some give their students the freedom to choose any private company, organization, or government agency which accepts trainees or interns that are under the BS in Electrical Engineering program. 

Specializations

• Electronic Design – this focuses on the assembly of basic electronic components to accomplish essential and complex tasks. This field of specialization can range from the creation of simple designs to the construction of more advanced circuits.
• Control Systems – provides students with a comprehensive background in computer programming in order for them to analyze and fabricate both digital control and analog systems. Aside from that, this field also focuses on the design and development of automation systems that will enable electrical equipments to function based on the requirements of the user.
• Communications Engineering – this field of specialization centers on the analysis and development of various information transmission systems. Some areas under this field include, computer networking, digital communications, and wireless communication systems.
• Power Systems – this specialization focuses on the production or generation of electricity (large scale and small scale). Power plants, motors, generators, conversions of energy, and distribution of electrical power, are just some of the things that are discussed exhaustively in this field of study.
• Microelectronics – this area involves the study, production, and use of small electrical designs and components. Some specific examples of microelectronic components are capacitors, transistors, resistors, microchips, inductors, and diodes.

Career opportunities for BSEE graduates

• Jobs for Licensed Electrical Engineers (Board Exam Passers)

  • Entry Level jobs

    
    Jobs requiring no prior to minimal level of experience:
    • Technical Support Engineer – provides assistance to customers of technology products such as computers and mobile phones. The job includes installation, repair, and solving of specific problems with a purchased product.
    • Electrical Installer – installs or repairs a variety of electrical equipment in different industries.
    • Electrical Field Service Engineer – troubleshoots and repairs a full line of electrical equipment, performs maintenance routines, and determine if there are electrical discrepancies.
    • Junior Programmer – an intern programmer who uses different programming languages to help develop a software or computer application. Some of the tasks of a junior programmer include testing, debugging, and modifications.

  • Mid-Level Positions

    
    Require trainings and prior job experience of a few years:
    • Electrical Design Draftsman – creates layout and wiring diagrams that are used by installers in setting up electrical systems and equipment
    • Junior Electrical Engineer – a mid-level position which involves aiding in the design, development, and operation of electrical systems
    • Electrical Foreman – supervises daily paid electrical workers, maintains discipline and order in the workplace, and ensures that work schedules and deadlines are met.
    • Computer Systems Engineer – modifies an old computer system or develops a new one such that it will meet the operational needs and requirements of an organization in a specific field
    • Optics Engineer – helps develop imaging tools, optical devices, and other electronic products such as liquid crystal displays (LCD), TVs, and computers

  • Advanced Positions

    
    Require years of extensive experience and practice:
    • Senior Electrical Engineer – provides technical expertise in the design, development, coordination, and operation of electrical systems and equipment
    • Systems and Storage Administrator – reports, analyzes, identifies problems, and troubleshoots with the use of different system tools and diagnostic utilities
    • Project Engineer – involves the usual technical engineering tasks (design, development, implementation, and maintenance of electrical systems and equipment) and project management duties, such as the preparation of work schedules, leading the subordinate technical workers, and management of resources.
    • Satellite Communications Engineer – the job involves the design and development of satellite networks, monitoring the performance of the system, and troubleshooting of network problems
    • Academician – an instructor or a professor in a particular academic institution which provides Electrical Engineering education

• Jobs for Non Board Passers:

  • Electrical Technician – troubleshoots and performs minor electrical repairs, installs electrical systems, and maintains them.
  • Engineering Technician – assists engineers in the design, development, installation, testing, and maintenance of electrical systems and equipments.

• Career Opportunities Abroad

  There are a lot of job opportunities abroad for graduates of BS in Electrical Engineering. Entry-level, mid-level, and advanced positions are open to Filipino electrical engineers in countries such as Singapore, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Brunei, Malaysia, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Bahrain. 

Marine Engineering

The three major aspects of Engineering in Maritime..

Naval Architecture, and Naval, Marine and Ocean Engineering are fast growing and dynamic fields with plentiful opportunities that are improving as people turn to the oceans for resources such as food, transportation and energy.
These engineers must be creative and visionary to see the potential to use transportation and the oceans effectively. Government, industry and academia are hungry for experts and researchers to develop new processes and systems to explore and travel the ocean with minimal or no danger to its habitat and environment. Marine structures, vessels and ocean systems are unique because only a small number of each design is built, they are very large and complex, and they operate in this environment.
Anything that operates in this environment has special design requirements relevant to sea-keeping, capsizing, station-keeping, and random motions and loads in a hostile environment. Due to this uniqueness, the manufacturing is often more challenging and expensive.
The impact of Naval Architecture, Marine and Ocean Engineering is far-reaching and greatly enhances our quality of life. For example:
---74% of the world’s trade is carried by ship.
---95% of the U.S. international trade is transported by ship.
---55% of the U.S. population lives within 50 miles of a coastline.
---60% of the U.S. energy is imported by ship.
Naval Engineering:
Naval engineers work on naval vessels. A naval vessel is one of the world’s largest and most complex engineered systems. It’s much more complicated to design a navy ship than almost any other form of transportation or structure. Not only is the ship critical to national defense but it has to move through the water similar to other boats and amphibious vehicles and enable a crew of hundreds to live aboard it for extended periods of time. Engineers in this field must always balance cost, new technology, hull design, materials and all of the systems aboard such as the weapons management, electronics, HV/AC, propulsion, ventilation, sleeping quarters, galley, head, etc. The real trick for the Naval Engineer is to pull all of these pieces together.

Naval architects are engineers who design all kinds of watercraft or anything that can be used as transportation on water. This may be a ship, boat, submarine, seaplane, icebreaker or offshore drilling platform. The vessels may be used for recreation, transportation, work or by the Navy and can be big or small. They may be powered by sails, nuclear power or some other propulsion system.
Marine environments can be hostile and unpredictable. One minute the seas are calm and the next can be a white knuckle ride as the waves pound the side of your boat or seagoing vessel. This unpredictability provides a challenging frontier for the naval architect.




Marine Engineering:

Naval architects may build the frame or structure of a boat but marine engineers are needed to design all of the internal power and machinery systems of the boat. Without marine engineers, the boat would have no engine, electronics, hydraulics, lighting, refrigeration, or controls. To be a good marine engineer, you must be very versatile, creative and open to learning. Marine engineering is an exciting career because every boat or ship is different and you will be responsible for every system on board. Almost every boat needs an engine, propeller, steering, transmission, pumps, electrical systems, etc. Marine engineers make it happen.
They know a lot about many different kinds of vessel systems and controls. They give millions of people the ability to have fun on jetskis, small sailboats, or vacation cruises as well as enabling the military to race across the oceans, clean oil spills or rescue other boaters in distress.

Ocean Engineering:

Every instrument, every device and every process in an ocean environment is the creation and responsibility of ocean engineers. The ocean environment is very corrosive, volatile and often unpredictable. Waves are never-ending and the devices or gear that are used to explore the environment must be able to withstand high winds, waves and salt-water. One of the great things about ocean engineering is that many different types of engineers can be a part of the solutions needed for ocean infrastructure, research and utilization.
Ocean engineering integrates disciplines such as materials science and mechanical, civil, computer, software, marine, chemical and electrical and electronics engineering. In addition to creating underwater robots (ROV’s), they also develop underwater structures, oil rigs, buoys for data collection, and they are hard at work developing ways to capture the energy of waves and turn it into electricity. city.
They develop transportation systems, plan new uses for waterways, design deep-water ports, and integrate the land and water transportation systems and methods. They are concerned with discovering, producing, and transporting offshore petroleum as well as developing new ways to protect marine wildlife and beaches.

Master in Information Technology studies in the Philippines

Master in Information Technology (MIT) is a graduate program that enhances the skills of students in the design, implementation, and maintenance of IT-based solutions. The programs aims to upgrade the knowledge and skills of students in systems integration, systems administration, systems planning, systems implementation and other design and operation of Information Technology infrastructure.

The subjects integrated in the Master in Information Technology program are quite similar to the undergraduate level, with a few advanced subjects. However, when it comes to the course requirements, the master in information technology program is less demanding, since there are less exams, projects and assignments.

Why do I need a Master Degree in Information Technology?

A master’s degree in Information Technology main benefit is that it will enable you to apply to positions in academic institutions. Many colleges and universities require IT teachers to have a Master’s degree in IT, or use this credential as a basis to determine the employment status (contractual, temporary, permanent employees). If you are planning to work in the academe, a Master’s degree in IT is a great plus.

IT departments in most companies and organizations do not require a Master’s degree. As long as you have sufficient IT knowledge and work experience, most companies will be satisfied with an undergraduate degree in IT.

Subjects and Curriculum

The subjects in the Master in Information Technology curriculum are divided into four main categories:

    Core/Foundation Courses: Information System Theory and Practice, Computer Architecture and Operating Systems, Programming Languages and Data Structures, Advanced Organization of Database, Computer Information Networks, Statistic for Information Technology Research, Research Seminar 1 and 2
    Major Courses: Technology Infrastructure of Information System/Operating System, Enterprise Architecture Development/Software Engineering, Advanced Programming, Technical Service Management
    Electives: Network System Administration/Network Administration and Security, Wireless Network Administration, Information Security Administration/Mobile Technology, Data Warehouse Technology and Implementation Strategies, Database Administration, Client/Server Application Design, Project Management Information System, Strategic e-Business, Business Process Reengineering
    Software Project

The lessons in the MIT program are taught through classroom lectures, educational talks and seminars. To be able to graduate the Master in Information Technology degree, a student must also complete a software project.

What are the admission requirements for Master in Information Technology?

Requirements at each school may differ, but these are the common requirements:

    Bachelor’s degree in Information Technology, Information Systems, Computer Science or Computer Engineering: To be admitted in the MIT program, an applicant must hold one of the above mentioned bachelor’s degrees. However, an applicant with a different degree may still be admitted in the program as long as he/she takes the required prerequisite courses.
 

What skills, traits and attitude will help you succeed in this course?

    Technologically Savvy – interest in new technologies specifically in computers and software.
    Logical skills – to survive this course you need to have an advanced level of thinking which means that you are able to grasp concepts and lessons right away and you have the ability to put this into order such as when you are reading and writing computer codes.
    Analytical skills – unlike in the undergraduate level, studying masters is different because you will do most of the things that are supposed to be the job of your professors. From looking for relevant books, reading them and jotting down your thoughts and ideas. Because of this, you have to see the logical connections among concepts and be able to apply them in the practice of your profession.
    English skills – when you study masters the method of teaching is self-directed, there will be a lot of reporting and presentations so the ability to proficiently speak and write English and convey information is very important
    Active Listening – while graduate school practices self-directed learning, there will also be times when your professors will give very long lectures for consecutive days, this is to emphasize the most important lessons which cannot be solely studied by students. It is important that you listen carefully and ask questions because your professors will not discuss lessons again.
    Reading comprehension – most of the time, you will be left alone by your professors to read a lot of materials that you will have to understand on your own.
    Interpersonal skills – in your master’s class you will less likely be working alone because professors love to group students to perform certain activities. You will encounter classmates who come from different age groups and background thus it’s important to be able to maintain good working relationships and adapt to different kinds of attitude.
    Patience – long lecture hours will wear students down, it’s important to have the patience to withstand long hours of plain listening and taking down notes.
    Organization – there will be a lot of paper works when you study masters thus the ability to sort and arrange information in a systematic order is highly important

How difficult is Master in Information Technology?

The Master in Information Technology program is not particularly hard for those who studied BSIT. The program is more theoretical, with less practical exercises than the undergraduate IT program. The subjects are fewer and the class size is smaller, making it more convenient for students.

The most challenging part of the program is the software project. The creation of a software and manual is highly technical; the software must be efficiently made so that it is usable.

How long does it take to complete the MIT program in the Philippines?

The MIT program takes 2 years to complete.
Most students who enroll in the MIT program are already employed, and because of time restraints, the majority of graduates take more than two years to complete the degree.

Career Opportunities for Master in Information Technology graduates

The main purpose of an MIT degree is for career and professional advancement. A person who is a holder of this degree will be able to apply to more advanced positions in the information technology field. The following are some of the positions that graduates can apply to:

    Information Technology Instructor/Professors – responsible for providing the instructional program (teaching) in the Information Technology area and will also be responsible for course delivery and evaluation of each student.
    Computer Science Instructor/Professor – teach courses in computer science. May specialize in a field of computer science, such as the design and function of computers or operations and research analysis.
    Systems Analyst – designs new IT solutions to improve business efficiency and productivity; examine existing business models and flows of data, discuss their findings with the client, and design an appropriate improved IT solution.
    IT consultant – gathers needs and expectations of clients and work with a team to develop/adjust the business solution/system
    Project Manager – to lead team composed of analysts and programmers; liaise with other project managers
    Computer Scientist – work as theorist, researcher, or inventor in developing and advancing uses of virtual reality, extending human-computer interaction, or designing robots
    nformation Technology auditor – performs detailed evaluation and internal control and audit reviews of computer information systems. Develops and maintains audit software; consults with administrators, faculty, and staff on computer information systems operational issues.
    Information Technology manager – responsible for the computer systems within a company, overseeing installation, ensuring backup systems operate effectively, purchasing hardware and software
    Chief Information Officer – manage, organize and coordinate the development and maintenance of an organizations computer and telecommunication systems.
    Management information systems (MIS) directors – involved in managing an organization’s information technology (IT) activities, ensuring stability and smooth operation.
    ICT Business and Systems Analyst – evaluate and develop technology systems to help businesses run at optimal standards.

Source: finduniversity.ph

BS in Architecture in the Philippines

The Bachelor of Science in Architecture (BSArch) is a 5-year college degree intended for people who wish to pursue a career in Architecture. Architectural education provides students with knowledge and skills in planning, designing and constructing buildings taking into account the principles of utility, strength and aesthetics.

The BS in Architecture curriculum comprises of CHED-mandated general education courses; technical subjects in Math, Science and Basic Engineering; and professional Architecture courses presented thru classroom lectures, laboratory classes and studio design activities.

Keeping abreast with the current trends in Architectural industry, most schools provide technologically upgraded studio facilities for the study of computer aided designs.

The BS in Architecture program in the Philippines is offered in ladder type curriculum:

The first three years put emphasis on providing opportunities for the students to draw and design with a sense of quality and technical expertise; to develop visual perception, and to understand construction as a means of communication of principles. Upon satisfactory completion of the prescribed courses at certain level, students will be granted Certifications for the technical skills acquired, such as Certificate in Drafting Technology; Certificate in Building Technology and Utilities; and Certificate in CADD.

The last two years are used to plan actual projects and explore the more detailed spatial and visual considerations and to gain knowledge in computer science as applied to Architecture. Special emphasis is given on the importance of research as evidenced by the thesis requirement for the course. Additionally, the knowledge and understanding of the ethical guidelines of the profession is a significant component of the program. (source)


Is Architecture a profession?

Architecture is a profession. A graduate of BS in Architecture who passed the Architecture Licensure Examination is called an Architect. An Architect is technically defined as a person professionally and academically qualified, registered and licensed under Republic Act No. 9266 with a Certificate of Registration and Professional Identification Card issued by the Professional Regulatory Board of Architecture and the Professional Regulation Commission.

What are the admission requirements for BSArchi?

 

Requirements at each school may differ, but these are the common requirements:

    Must be a high school graduate.

What skills will help you succeed in this course?

    Artistic talent and Drawing skills
    Technical Skills – the ability to accomplish mathematical, engineering, scientific or computerrelated duties
    Creativity
    Analytical skills – the ability to visualize, articulate, and solve problems.
    Basic Mathematical skills – the ability to solve and use different computational methods
    English skills – the ability to read, write and converse in English as most technical literature is in English.
    Interpersonal skills – will help you in studying together with classmates, doing group assignments and forming connections with friends and colleges.



How difficult is this course?
BS in Architecture is both interesting and challenging. Natural artistic talent plays a big part into it, as this profession requires a lot of drawing skills and creativity. Students are expected to draw extensively and build chipboard models or building prototypes. The course also requires numerical proficiency used for cost estimation, surveying, structural load and other mathematical computations. Production of the required drawing projects and presentation materials require lots of hard work, patience and careful attention to details. But since Architecture is not just a science but also an art, a passionate student who overcomes these challenges might really enjoy studying Architecture.

How long does it take to complete BS in Architecture in the Philippines?

Normally, the BSArchi takes 5 years to complete. Universities which go by the Trimester school calendar require less time to finish the course.

On The Job Training / Internship

CHED Memorandum Order no.61 mandates that Schools of Architecture shall have an active and organized program for on-the-job and diversified training for its students which shall include: assistance in organizing student employer interviews; maintenance of a job-available card file with an index of potential local employers; and if needed, assistance to employers, and fast transfer of students' academic transcripts to speed up the employment process.



Career opportunities for BSArchi graduates

    Jobs for licensed Architects

        Entry Level jobs
        Jobs requiring no prior to minimal level of experience:
            Junior Architect – works in a construction firm and are involved with designing new buildings, extensions or alterations to existing buildings, or advising on the restoration and conservation of old properties.
            Junior Design Architect – works under the senior design architect and helps in rendering and building proto-types to demonstrate design concepts
            Computer-Aided Design (CAD) or Computer-Aided Design and Draft (CADD) Architect – uses CAD systems application to create electronic versions of the technical drawings and design plans for buildings and machinery.
            Building Surveyors – often work on preventative measures to keep buildings in good condition and look to make buildings sustainable.

        Advanced Positions

        Require years of extensive experience and practice:
            Principal Architect – a licensed architect who owns an architecture firm or one who shares an ownership interest with the other architects in the firm.
            Architectural project manager – work closely with the construction project manager and coordinate the work of the design team and manage communication with the client. The issues of budget, scheduling, and quality-control are the responsibility of the Project Manager in an architect's office.
            Architectural Technologists are architectural specialists who turn the concept into reality in the completed construction. Concerned with the technical side of design, ensure that an attractive functional building performs successfully by making sure that the right materials are used and that building regulations are met.
            Building Conservation Officer – advises on and promotes the protection of the historic environment and, in particular, its long-term care, preservation and enhancement of enlisted buildings within conservation areas.
            Senior Design Architect – have experience in strategic master planning, and is responsible for managing assigned architecture projects, including development of concept drawings and designs, and meeting client expectations, while ensuring work is within project scope, meets the project schedule deadlines and is within budget.
            Architecture Researcher – researches, designs and develops solutions to highly complex and technical issues, designs system architecture, workflows, data flows and databases; recommends solutions to highly complex problems to provide technical direction on systems analysis, design, development and testing.
            Academician – architects who are faculty members, instructors, and professors in an institution that offers Architectural course
   

Source: finduniversity.ph

BSBA in Management in the Philippines

Bachelor of Science in Business Administration major in Business Management (BSBA-M), also known as BSBA in Business Management, is a four year degree program designed to equip students with the concepts and principles of Business Management.

The BSBA in Management program teaches students operations and processes that occur within an organization such as procurement, logistics, quality control, project management, manufacturing and marketing.

The BSBA-M program is more specific compared to the generic BSBA curriculum, and focuses on the more authoritative aspects of business like planning business activities, organizing departments and employees, running departments, and generally managing an organization.

Subjects and Curriculum

The subjects in the BSBA-M curriculum are divided into five categories:

    General Education subjects:
    English, Math, Filipino, Social Sciences and Humanities
    Basic Business Core:
    Fundamentals of Accounting, Business Computer Application, Business Communication, Basic Finance, Principles of Management and Organization, Human Behavior in Organizations, Principles of Marketing
    Business Education Core:
    Microeconomics, Obligations and Contracts, Math of Investment, Human Resource Management, Total Quality Management, Principles of Taxation, Social Responsibility and Good Governance, Management Accounting, Entrepreneurial Management, Strategic Management, Financial Management
    Business Management Professional Subjects:
    Organizational Development, Production and Operations Management, Management Information System, International Business, Training and Development, Compensation Administration, Business Taxation, Labor Law and Legislation
    Elective Subjects:
    Students are given the choice between two of the following elective subjects: Retail Management, Professional Salesmanship, Marketing Research, Franchising, Sales, Agency, and Credit Transactions and E-commerce.


As of 2006, CHED has released a memorandum order prescribing additional elective subjects on Service Management for Business Process Outsourcing (BPO). Some of these subjects include Fundamentals of Business Outsourcing, Business Communication, Service Culture and Principles of Systems Thinking.

The BSBA-M program is mostly taught to students through classroom lectures. Students are also exposed to educational talks and seminars.

As a requirement for graduation, a student must complete two sets of On the Job Training (OJT) and accomplish a business plan or feasibility study.

Is Business Management a profession?

Business Management is not a profession. A graduate of this program will most likely be employed in establishments and companies to work as Office Personnel, Administrative Assistant, Inventory Assistant, Project Assistant/ Manager, Logistics Management Personnel, Stock Personnel and similar jobs. These careers are not considered professions because they do not require a specialized set of knowledge and skills, nor do they require a government certification.

What are the admission requirements for the BSBA in Management program?

Requirements at each school may differ, but these are the common requirements:

    Must be a high school graduate.
  


What skills, traits and attitude will help you succeed in this course?

    Problem-solving skills – the ability to identify, assess, create alternative solutions and solve the actual problem while continuously evaluating for outcomes.
    Computer Literacy – knowledge of computer use and being able to understand application programs.
    Communication skills – has excellent written and oral communication skills; a strong command of the English language is important because your work will involve dealing with different kinds of people.
    Interpersonal skills – establishes and maintains positive mutual working relationships with superiors, workmates and clients
    Decision making skills – the thought process of selecting a logical choice from the available options.
    Strategic thinking – involves the generation and application of unique business insights and opportunities intended to create competitive advantage for a firm or organization.
    Organization – the ability to establish priorities systematically, differentiating between urgent, important, and unimportant tasks.
    Time Management – able to divide time equally and accomplish tasks on time.


How difficult is BSBA in Management?

BSBA in Management is not a difficult course. While there are advanced subjects that involve mathematics like Calculus and Accounting, the majority of the subjects can be learned if you study hard enough. The workload for this course is reasonable; although you have two sets of on the job trainings (OJT), the number of hours required from these internships are minimal compared to other courses.

One of the challenges of this program is the requirement to complete a business plan/feasibility study. Unlike other undergraduate papers where you only have to choose a topic of interest, a feasibility study involves a more complex process. You need to find a proponent who has plans of creating a business and convince him/her to accept your services in studying whether the business is feasible or not.

How long does it take to complete the BSBA in Management program in the Philippines?

The BSBA in Management program takes four years to complete. The program may be completed in less than 4 years in schools that follow the trimestral curriculum.

On the Job Training (OJT)

 

Most Business schools in the Philippines who offer the BSBA-M program require their students to complete two sets of on the job trainings (OJT). The first OJT is called Practicum 1 or organization immersion and the second OJT is called Practicum 2 or Professional Internship. A student must choose a corporation in the manufacturing, marketing, service or other types of industries. The OJT programs are done under the supervision of a designated authority in the establishment/office which will evaluate the student periodically and submit the evaluation form to the assigned faculty member. The number of hours required for these OJT programs vary from one school to another.

   
Entry Level jobs
   
Jobs requiring no prior to minimal level of experience:
        Management Trainee – responsible for working alongside managers and accepting delegated responsibilities and duties with the goal of eventually becoming a manager
        Office Assistant – supports operations by maintaining budgets, facilities, records, equipment, and building services; completes special projects.
        Clerical Assistant – under direct supervision, performs a variety of clerical tasks in support of business operations within a department or division; and performs related duties as assigned.
        Stock Personnel/Controller – responsible for the flow of merchandise from the point of delivery to the sales floor or internal destination
        Company secretary – act as a point of communication between the board of directors and company shareholders, reporting in a timely and accurate manner on company procedures and developments.
        Warehouse Assistant – responsible in looking after the movement of sticks from the warehouse or inventory thereby keeping a close watch on the inflow and outflow of goods; also responsible for maintaining the required level of efficiency or safety while handling the movement of goods and keeps record of all these materials.
        Technical Staff – improve a company's operating systems and infrastructure by reviewing internal processes, mechanisms and procedures, test system efficiency on a regular basis and provide routine maintenance work to meet business requirements.
        Logistics Management Personnel – responsible for overseeing the inventory management process, defining departmental strategies for appropriate inventory levels, eliminating obsolete and off-spec material, and reduce aging material
        Personal Banker – offer products and services to banking customers, meeting both personal and branch set goals. A huge part of being a personal banker is attracting and maintaining both new and current customer relations.
   

Mid-Level Positions
   
Require trainings and prior job experience of a few years:
        Retail manager – ensure promotions are accurate and merchandised to the company’s standards, staff is fully versed on the target for the day and excellent customer care standards are met.
        Fast food restaurant manager – organizing stock and equipment, ordering supplies and overseeing building maintenance, cleanliness and security
        Administrative Assistant – creates and revises systems and procedures by analyzing operating practices, recordkeeping systems, forms control, office layout, and budgetary and personnel requirements; implementing changes.
        Human Resource Assistant – supports human resources processes by administering tests; scheduling appointments; conducting orientation; maintaining records and information.
        Executive Assistant – prepares correspondences, reports, presentations, and manages the executive's schedule.
        Training and Development Assistant – responsible for creating and implementing training programs and overseeing the development of careers; sets performance metrics, evaluates productivity, and helps workers create long-term career plans within an organization.
        Inventory Manager – responsible for ensuring that the organization has the right amount of stock to meet customer’s needs and also to avoid overstocking certain items, which ties up cash and storage resources
        Project Manager – responsible for the planning, management, co-ordination and financial control of a construction project
   
Advanced Positions
   
Require years of extensive experience and practice:
        Operations Manager – manage and increase the effectiveness and efficiency of Support Services (HR, IT and Finance), through improvements to each function as well as coordination and communication between support and business functions.
        Financial manager – responsible for providing financial advice and support to clients and colleagues to enable them to make sound business decisions
        Sales Manager – manage the sales administration function, operational performance reporting, streamlining processes and systems wherever possible, and advising senior management on maximizing business relationships and creating an environment where customer service can flourish.
        Health service manager – responsible for the strategic, financial and day-to-day running of hospital, general practitioner (GP) or community health services
        Business Development Manager – works to improve an organization’s market position and achieve financial growth; defines long-term organizational strategic goals, builds key customer relationships, identifies business opportunities, negotiates and closes business deals and maintains extensive knowledge of current market conditions.
        Business Management Consultant – help organizations to solve issues, create value, maximize growth and improve the business performance of their clients.
   
Entrepreneurial and Self-Employment Opportunities
        Entrepreneur Business Owner
       
Business Management Consultation firm owner
    Jobs not related to business management that graduates can apply to
        Call center agent – answers phone calls and inquiries of clients and provides customer support, usually to people from other countries
        Freelancer working online – doing online jobs for clients abroad, such as data entry, article writing, SEO, customer support, administrative support etc., which mainly depends on your skills
   
Source: finduniversity.ph