BS in Pharmacy in the Philippines

 

 

 The Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy is a four-year college degree intended for people who wants to have a career in the various fields of the pharmaceutical industry. The study of pharmacy focuses on the identification, discovery, isolation, synthesis, and formulation of biologically active compounds for clinical use.

The BS Pharmacy curriculum comprises of 72-units of CHED-mandated general education courses, 30-units essential core subjects, and 90-units professional pharmacy courses presented thru lectures and laboratory classes. The program requires Thesis and Research Project in addition to the Practicum in the three major pharmaceutical areas of internship, namely the community, hospital and manufacturing.

Graduates of BS in Pharmacy are provided with a broad spectrum of training that may lead to employment in a wide range of scientific fields, principally in higher education institutions, community drug stores, hospitals, government agencies, research establishments, public health and in the pharmaceutical industry. They may also choose to continue with Medical education.

Is Pharmacy a profession?

Pharmacy is a profession.

A graduate of BS in Pharmacy who passed the Pharmacist Licensure Examination is called a Pharmacist. Pharmacists are trained healthcare professionals who perform various roles in the healthcare industry. They are competent in managing drug stores; in identifying, developing, manufacturing and dispensing of drugs; and in providing pharmaceutical care as well as counseling clients in the proper use of both prescribed and patient chosen medications.

What are the admission requirements for BS Pharmacy?

Requirements at each school may differ, but these are the common requirements:

• Must be a high school graduate.

What skills will help you succeed in this course?

• Ability to carry out basic mathematical and statistical computations
• Critical, analytical and problem solving skills
• Adequate technical writing skills
• Being able to make observations and distinguish small differences between samples and events
• Objective viewpoint for discerning information and analyzing biases of other people
• Ability to perform various laboratory tasks independently or as part of a team
• Effective oral communication abilities

How difficult is this course?

Generally, Pharmacy is a difficult college course. There are a lot of chemistry and pharmaceutical subjects that necessitate hard work, comprehension and memorization. Laboratory discussions and thesis defense require patience, dedication and proficiency in communication. Learning about doses and several clinical procedures involve problem solving and mathematical competencies.

How long does it take to complete BS in Pharmacy in the Philippines?

The BS in Pharmacy program takes 4 years to complete. Some schools who apply the trimesteral system complete the program in shorter time.

On the Job training / Internship

CHED mandated a practicum or on-the-job training (OJT) for BS Pharmacy students as a requirement for graduation (see source - section 10). Students will undergo a total of 960 hours of hands-on training to provide them with actual experience in the various fields of pharmacy. 200 hours will be spent for each area of pharmacy, namely the retail (drugstore), clinical (hospital), and manufacturing (pharmaceutical company). The final 360 hours will be allocated to a major internship. This will help the students decide the particular specialization they will pursue and provide them the necessary competencies and skills.

Specializations of BS in Pharmacy:

• Clinical Pharmacy – focuses with the clinical or hospital aspects of pharmacology, such as giving patient accurate drug information and advising physicians in possible pharmaceutical treatments in specialized areas of practice such as psychiatry, ambulatory care, cardiology, pediatrics, critical care, neurology, etc.
• Community / Retail Pharmacy – deals with concepts, theories, and principles of marketing pharmaceutical products and entrepreneurship of pharmacy business. Aside from health care administration, the course includes pharmaceutical management, business planning, feasibility studies as well as product information, price, promotion and distribution.
• Manufacturing Pharmacy – concentrates on the study of principles, methods and technology involved in the research, development and production of various pharmaceutical products, including the requirements for packaging, equipments and manufacturing facilities.

Career opportunities for BS Pharmacy graduates

• Jobs for licensed Pharmacists (board exam passers)

  • Entry Level jobs
    Jobs requiring no prior to minimal level of experience:
    • Pharmaceutical Sales Representative (Med Rep) – are sales people employed by pharmaceutical companies to persuade doctors to prescribe their drugs to patients.
    • Community Pharmacist – works to ensure the correct and safe supply of medical products to the general public while abiding by legal and ethical guidelines; involved in maintaining and improving people's health by providing advice and information and supplying prescription medicines.
    • Hospital Pharmacist – works in a hospital pharmacy service primarily within the public sector; uses specialist knowledge to dispense drugs and advice patients about the medicines they have been prescribed; works collaboratively with other healthcare professionals to devise the most appropriate drug treatment for patients.
    • Regulatory Affairs Officer – ensures the appropriate licensing, marketing and legal compliance of pharmaceutical and medical products such as medicines, chemicals, pesticides, therapeutic devices and other products.
  • Mid-Level Positions
    Require trainings and prior job experience of a few years:
    • Pharmacy Manager – responsible for daily operational functions of the Pharmacy, training and scheduling staff, ensuring compliance with expectations; and developing and monitoring quality improvement processes
    • Process Development Pharmacist – responsible for identifying and developing new procedures for drug and medicine manufacture, as well as implementing process controls to ensure that quality products are manufactured in a reproducible manner.
    • Clinical Research Associate – employed by pharmaceutical companies to run clinical trials to test new or existing drugs for their effectiveness, risks, benefits, and to ensure they are safe to allowed on to the market.
    • Medical Research Scientist – work to develop new, or improve existing drugs, treatments or other medically related products to increase scientific knowledge on topics related to medicine through the use of experiments.
    • Pharmacologist – investigates how drugs and chemicals interact with biological systems; aims to understand how drugs work so they can be used effectively and safely; carries out research to aid drug discovery and development.
  • Advanced Positions
    Require years of extensive experience and practice:
    • Chief Pharmacist – manages and supervise the overall operations of a pharmaceutical company, be it in retail, hospital or in manufacture
    • Higher Education Professors – facilitate learning and carry out research activities in universities and some colleges of further education. They teach academic subjects to undergraduate and postgraduate courses.
    • Environmental Health Practitioners – act as advisers, educators, consultants, managers and enforcement officers, ensuring people are able to live, work and play in safe, healthy environments.

• Jobs for Non Board Passers:

  • Pharmacy Assistant – helps the Pharmacist in dispensing medicines in community, hospital or in industrial setting
  • Pharmacy Technician – help licensed Pharmacists in performing routine tasks such as counting tablets and labeling bottles to help prepare prescribed medication.

Master in Information Technology studies in the Philippines

Master in Information Technology (MIT) is a graduate program that enhances the skills of students in the design, implementation, and maintenance of IT-based solutions. The programs aims to upgrade the knowledge and skills of students in systems integration, systems administration, systems planning, systems implementation and other design and operation of Information Technology infrastructure.

The subjects integrated in the Master in Information Technology program are quite similar to the undergraduate level, with a few advanced subjects. However, when it comes to the course requirements, the master in information technology program is less demanding, since there are less exams, projects and assignments.

Why do I need a Master Degree in Information Technology?

A master’s degree in Information Technology main benefit is that it will enable you to apply to positions in academic institutions. Many colleges and universities require IT teachers to have a Master’s degree in IT, or use this credential as a basis to determine the employment status (contractual, temporary, permanent employees). If you are planning to work in the academe, a Master’s degree in IT is a great plus.

IT departments in most companies and organizations do not require a Master’s degree. As long as you have sufficient IT knowledge and work experience, most companies will be satisfied with an undergraduate degree in IT.

Subjects and Curriculum

The subjects in the Master in Information Technology curriculum are divided into four main categories:

    Core/Foundation Courses: Information System Theory and Practice, Computer Architecture and Operating Systems, Programming Languages and Data Structures, Advanced Organization of Database, Computer Information Networks, Statistic for Information Technology Research, Research Seminar 1 and 2
    Major Courses: Technology Infrastructure of Information System/Operating System, Enterprise Architecture Development/Software Engineering, Advanced Programming, Technical Service Management
    Electives: Network System Administration/Network Administration and Security, Wireless Network Administration, Information Security Administration/Mobile Technology, Data Warehouse Technology and Implementation Strategies, Database Administration, Client/Server Application Design, Project Management Information System, Strategic e-Business, Business Process Reengineering
    Software Project

The lessons in the MIT program are taught through classroom lectures, educational talks and seminars. To be able to graduate the Master in Information Technology degree, a student must also complete a software project.

What are the admission requirements for Master in Information Technology?

Requirements at each school may differ, but these are the common requirements:

    Bachelor’s degree in Information Technology, Information Systems, Computer Science or Computer Engineering: To be admitted in the MIT program, an applicant must hold one of the above mentioned bachelor’s degrees. However, an applicant with a different degree may still be admitted in the program as long as he/she takes the required prerequisite courses.
 

What skills, traits and attitude will help you succeed in this course?

    Technologically Savvy – interest in new technologies specifically in computers and software.
    Logical skills – to survive this course you need to have an advanced level of thinking which means that you are able to grasp concepts and lessons right away and you have the ability to put this into order such as when you are reading and writing computer codes.
    Analytical skills – unlike in the undergraduate level, studying masters is different because you will do most of the things that are supposed to be the job of your professors. From looking for relevant books, reading them and jotting down your thoughts and ideas. Because of this, you have to see the logical connections among concepts and be able to apply them in the practice of your profession.
    English skills – when you study masters the method of teaching is self-directed, there will be a lot of reporting and presentations so the ability to proficiently speak and write English and convey information is very important
    Active Listening – while graduate school practices self-directed learning, there will also be times when your professors will give very long lectures for consecutive days, this is to emphasize the most important lessons which cannot be solely studied by students. It is important that you listen carefully and ask questions because your professors will not discuss lessons again.
    Reading comprehension – most of the time, you will be left alone by your professors to read a lot of materials that you will have to understand on your own.
    Interpersonal skills – in your master’s class you will less likely be working alone because professors love to group students to perform certain activities. You will encounter classmates who come from different age groups and background thus it’s important to be able to maintain good working relationships and adapt to different kinds of attitude.
    Patience – long lecture hours will wear students down, it’s important to have the patience to withstand long hours of plain listening and taking down notes.
    Organization – there will be a lot of paper works when you study masters thus the ability to sort and arrange information in a systematic order is highly important

How difficult is Master in Information Technology?

The Master in Information Technology program is not particularly hard for those who studied BSIT. The program is more theoretical, with less practical exercises than the undergraduate IT program. The subjects are fewer and the class size is smaller, making it more convenient for students.

The most challenging part of the program is the software project. The creation of a software and manual is highly technical; the software must be efficiently made so that it is usable.

How long does it take to complete the MIT program in the Philippines?

The MIT program takes 2 years to complete.
Most students who enroll in the MIT program are already employed, and because of time restraints, the majority of graduates take more than two years to complete the degree.

Career Opportunities for Master in Information Technology graduates

The main purpose of an MIT degree is for career and professional advancement. A person who is a holder of this degree will be able to apply to more advanced positions in the information technology field. The following are some of the positions that graduates can apply to:

    Information Technology Instructor/Professors – responsible for providing the instructional program (teaching) in the Information Technology area and will also be responsible for course delivery and evaluation of each student.
    Computer Science Instructor/Professor – teach courses in computer science. May specialize in a field of computer science, such as the design and function of computers or operations and research analysis.
    Systems Analyst – designs new IT solutions to improve business efficiency and productivity; examine existing business models and flows of data, discuss their findings with the client, and design an appropriate improved IT solution.
    IT consultant – gathers needs and expectations of clients and work with a team to develop/adjust the business solution/system
    Project Manager – to lead team composed of analysts and programmers; liaise with other project managers
    Computer Scientist – work as theorist, researcher, or inventor in developing and advancing uses of virtual reality, extending human-computer interaction, or designing robots
    nformation Technology auditor – performs detailed evaluation and internal control and audit reviews of computer information systems. Develops and maintains audit software; consults with administrators, faculty, and staff on computer information systems operational issues.
    Information Technology manager – responsible for the computer systems within a company, overseeing installation, ensuring backup systems operate effectively, purchasing hardware and software
    Chief Information Officer – manage, organize and coordinate the development and maintenance of an organizations computer and telecommunication systems.
    Management information systems (MIS) directors – involved in managing an organization’s information technology (IT) activities, ensuring stability and smooth operation.
    ICT Business and Systems Analyst – evaluate and develop technology systems to help businesses run at optimal standards.

Source: finduniversity.ph

BSBA in Management in the Philippines

Bachelor of Science in Business Administration major in Business Management (BSBA-M), also known as BSBA in Business Management, is a four year degree program designed to equip students with the concepts and principles of Business Management.

The BSBA in Management program teaches students operations and processes that occur within an organization such as procurement, logistics, quality control, project management, manufacturing and marketing.

The BSBA-M program is more specific compared to the generic BSBA curriculum, and focuses on the more authoritative aspects of business like planning business activities, organizing departments and employees, running departments, and generally managing an organization.

Subjects and Curriculum

The subjects in the BSBA-M curriculum are divided into five categories:

    General Education subjects:
    English, Math, Filipino, Social Sciences and Humanities
    Basic Business Core:
    Fundamentals of Accounting, Business Computer Application, Business Communication, Basic Finance, Principles of Management and Organization, Human Behavior in Organizations, Principles of Marketing
    Business Education Core:
    Microeconomics, Obligations and Contracts, Math of Investment, Human Resource Management, Total Quality Management, Principles of Taxation, Social Responsibility and Good Governance, Management Accounting, Entrepreneurial Management, Strategic Management, Financial Management
    Business Management Professional Subjects:
    Organizational Development, Production and Operations Management, Management Information System, International Business, Training and Development, Compensation Administration, Business Taxation, Labor Law and Legislation
    Elective Subjects:
    Students are given the choice between two of the following elective subjects: Retail Management, Professional Salesmanship, Marketing Research, Franchising, Sales, Agency, and Credit Transactions and E-commerce.


As of 2006, CHED has released a memorandum order prescribing additional elective subjects on Service Management for Business Process Outsourcing (BPO). Some of these subjects include Fundamentals of Business Outsourcing, Business Communication, Service Culture and Principles of Systems Thinking.

The BSBA-M program is mostly taught to students through classroom lectures. Students are also exposed to educational talks and seminars.

As a requirement for graduation, a student must complete two sets of On the Job Training (OJT) and accomplish a business plan or feasibility study.

Is Business Management a profession?

Business Management is not a profession. A graduate of this program will most likely be employed in establishments and companies to work as Office Personnel, Administrative Assistant, Inventory Assistant, Project Assistant/ Manager, Logistics Management Personnel, Stock Personnel and similar jobs. These careers are not considered professions because they do not require a specialized set of knowledge and skills, nor do they require a government certification.

What are the admission requirements for the BSBA in Management program?

Requirements at each school may differ, but these are the common requirements:

    Must be a high school graduate.
  


What skills, traits and attitude will help you succeed in this course?

    Problem-solving skills – the ability to identify, assess, create alternative solutions and solve the actual problem while continuously evaluating for outcomes.
    Computer Literacy – knowledge of computer use and being able to understand application programs.
    Communication skills – has excellent written and oral communication skills; a strong command of the English language is important because your work will involve dealing with different kinds of people.
    Interpersonal skills – establishes and maintains positive mutual working relationships with superiors, workmates and clients
    Decision making skills – the thought process of selecting a logical choice from the available options.
    Strategic thinking – involves the generation and application of unique business insights and opportunities intended to create competitive advantage for a firm or organization.
    Organization – the ability to establish priorities systematically, differentiating between urgent, important, and unimportant tasks.
    Time Management – able to divide time equally and accomplish tasks on time.


How difficult is BSBA in Management?

BSBA in Management is not a difficult course. While there are advanced subjects that involve mathematics like Calculus and Accounting, the majority of the subjects can be learned if you study hard enough. The workload for this course is reasonable; although you have two sets of on the job trainings (OJT), the number of hours required from these internships are minimal compared to other courses.

One of the challenges of this program is the requirement to complete a business plan/feasibility study. Unlike other undergraduate papers where you only have to choose a topic of interest, a feasibility study involves a more complex process. You need to find a proponent who has plans of creating a business and convince him/her to accept your services in studying whether the business is feasible or not.

How long does it take to complete the BSBA in Management program in the Philippines?

The BSBA in Management program takes four years to complete. The program may be completed in less than 4 years in schools that follow the trimestral curriculum.

On the Job Training (OJT)

 

Most Business schools in the Philippines who offer the BSBA-M program require their students to complete two sets of on the job trainings (OJT). The first OJT is called Practicum 1 or organization immersion and the second OJT is called Practicum 2 or Professional Internship. A student must choose a corporation in the manufacturing, marketing, service or other types of industries. The OJT programs are done under the supervision of a designated authority in the establishment/office which will evaluate the student periodically and submit the evaluation form to the assigned faculty member. The number of hours required for these OJT programs vary from one school to another.

   
Entry Level jobs
   
Jobs requiring no prior to minimal level of experience:
        Management Trainee – responsible for working alongside managers and accepting delegated responsibilities and duties with the goal of eventually becoming a manager
        Office Assistant – supports operations by maintaining budgets, facilities, records, equipment, and building services; completes special projects.
        Clerical Assistant – under direct supervision, performs a variety of clerical tasks in support of business operations within a department or division; and performs related duties as assigned.
        Stock Personnel/Controller – responsible for the flow of merchandise from the point of delivery to the sales floor or internal destination
        Company secretary – act as a point of communication between the board of directors and company shareholders, reporting in a timely and accurate manner on company procedures and developments.
        Warehouse Assistant – responsible in looking after the movement of sticks from the warehouse or inventory thereby keeping a close watch on the inflow and outflow of goods; also responsible for maintaining the required level of efficiency or safety while handling the movement of goods and keeps record of all these materials.
        Technical Staff – improve a company's operating systems and infrastructure by reviewing internal processes, mechanisms and procedures, test system efficiency on a regular basis and provide routine maintenance work to meet business requirements.
        Logistics Management Personnel – responsible for overseeing the inventory management process, defining departmental strategies for appropriate inventory levels, eliminating obsolete and off-spec material, and reduce aging material
        Personal Banker – offer products and services to banking customers, meeting both personal and branch set goals. A huge part of being a personal banker is attracting and maintaining both new and current customer relations.
   

Mid-Level Positions
   
Require trainings and prior job experience of a few years:
        Retail manager – ensure promotions are accurate and merchandised to the company’s standards, staff is fully versed on the target for the day and excellent customer care standards are met.
        Fast food restaurant manager – organizing stock and equipment, ordering supplies and overseeing building maintenance, cleanliness and security
        Administrative Assistant – creates and revises systems and procedures by analyzing operating practices, recordkeeping systems, forms control, office layout, and budgetary and personnel requirements; implementing changes.
        Human Resource Assistant – supports human resources processes by administering tests; scheduling appointments; conducting orientation; maintaining records and information.
        Executive Assistant – prepares correspondences, reports, presentations, and manages the executive's schedule.
        Training and Development Assistant – responsible for creating and implementing training programs and overseeing the development of careers; sets performance metrics, evaluates productivity, and helps workers create long-term career plans within an organization.
        Inventory Manager – responsible for ensuring that the organization has the right amount of stock to meet customer’s needs and also to avoid overstocking certain items, which ties up cash and storage resources
        Project Manager – responsible for the planning, management, co-ordination and financial control of a construction project
   
Advanced Positions
   
Require years of extensive experience and practice:
        Operations Manager – manage and increase the effectiveness and efficiency of Support Services (HR, IT and Finance), through improvements to each function as well as coordination and communication between support and business functions.
        Financial manager – responsible for providing financial advice and support to clients and colleagues to enable them to make sound business decisions
        Sales Manager – manage the sales administration function, operational performance reporting, streamlining processes and systems wherever possible, and advising senior management on maximizing business relationships and creating an environment where customer service can flourish.
        Health service manager – responsible for the strategic, financial and day-to-day running of hospital, general practitioner (GP) or community health services
        Business Development Manager – works to improve an organization’s market position and achieve financial growth; defines long-term organizational strategic goals, builds key customer relationships, identifies business opportunities, negotiates and closes business deals and maintains extensive knowledge of current market conditions.
        Business Management Consultant – help organizations to solve issues, create value, maximize growth and improve the business performance of their clients.
   
Entrepreneurial and Self-Employment Opportunities
        Entrepreneur Business Owner
       
Business Management Consultation firm owner
    Jobs not related to business management that graduates can apply to
        Call center agent – answers phone calls and inquiries of clients and provides customer support, usually to people from other countries
        Freelancer working online – doing online jobs for clients abroad, such as data entry, article writing, SEO, customer support, administrative support etc., which mainly depends on your skills
   
Source: finduniversity.ph

BS in Public Administration in the Philippines

Bachelor of Science in Public Administration (BSPA) is a four year degree program designed to provide students with theoretical knowledge and practical skills in public sector management, policy development and labor relations. It also helps students understand the fundamentals of good governance and policy analysis.

The BSPA program centers on teaching topics like human capital management, fiscal administration, government budgeting and accounting, and program development. Its aim is to show students how to plan, implement and monitor human, material and resource management for government and civil society organizations.

Subjects and Curriculum

The subjects in the BSPA curriculum are divided into four main categories:

    General Education Courses: Language and Humanities Cluster, Mathematics, Computer and Natural Science Cluster, Social Sciences Cluster, Mandated Subjects
    Public Administration Courses: Introduction to Public Administration, Philippine Administrative Thought and Institutions, Ethics and Accountability in the Public Service, Governance and Development, Knowledge Management and ICT for Public Administration, Research Methods in Public Administration, Leadership and Decision Making, Local and Regional Governance, Public Personnel Administration, Human Behavior in Organization, Public Fiscal Administration, Public Accounting and Budgeting, Organization and Management, Office and Systems Management, Public Policy and Program Administration, Administrative Law, Politics and Administration, Special Topics for Public Administration
    Special Core: Basic Accounting, Elementary Statistics, Good Governance and Social Responsibility, Sociology or Psychology
    Electives: Salary Standardization, Government Auditing, Government Budgeting, Program Administration (Implementation), Public Enterprise, Policy Analysis, Project Development and Management, Voluntary Sector Management, Resource Management, Environmental Management, Globalization and Public Administration, Service Delivery System, Records and Property Management


The lessons in the BSPA program are taught to students through classroom lectures. From time to time, they are also required to attend seminars and educational talks related to current trends and information about public administration.

During the fourth year of the BSPA program students are required to complete a Research paper with topics concerning the practice of Public Administration. In consultation with a research adviser, the student must accomplish the research paper at the end of the school year. He/she will defend the research paper in front of a panel who will grade his/her work based on specific criteria.

Aside from the research paper, a student must also finish an on the job training (OJT) before being eligible for graduation.

Is Public Administration a profession?

Public Administration is not a profession. A graduate of this program may be employed in the local and national government units as well as in private and public corporations, to work in any administrative or managerial role. These careers are not considered professions because they do not require a specialized set of knowledge and skills, nor do they require a government certification.

What are the admission requirements for the BSPA program?

Requirements at each school may differ, but these are the common requirements:

    Must be a high school graduate.

What skills, traits and attitude will help you succeed in this course?

    Communication and writing skills – the ability to present your thoughts clearly and intelligently in oral and written statements
    Computer Literacy – knowledge of computer use and being able to understand application programs.
    Public speaking and presentation skills – comfortable in facing a large audience with an ability to prepare oral and written presentations and reports using current data and technology
    Management skills – the capability to identify priorities and proper courses of action, to plan the execution of tasks and to determine and delegate responsibilities to group members to most effectively carry out projects
    Basic mathematical skills
    Strategic thinking – the ability to interpret and analyze information presented by peers and efficiently and constructively support or challenge their proposals, theories, ideas and reports in order to achieve a project's intended and successful end result
    Data analysis skills – reading and understanding statistical reports and how to use the reports to make inferences and decisions


How difficult is BS in Public Administration?

BS in Public Administration is not a difficult course. Aside from the long lecture hours, case reports, assignments and projects the rest of the course is fairly easy. The workload and schedule for this program is not as heavy compared to other courses. Certain subjects may be challenging, for example special core subjects such as accounting and psychology.

The on the job training (OJT) for BS in Public Administration is easier than that of other courses because the number of hours to be complied is lower and the field work is quite easy. The most challenging part of this course is perhaps the completion of a research paper.

How long does it take to complete the BSPA program in the Philippines?

The BS in Public Administration program takes four years to complete. The program may be completed in less than 4 years in schools that follow the trimestral curriculum.

On the job training (OJT)

During the fourth year of the program, students are required to attend an On the Job Training (OJT) in local government units, non-profit agencies, policy and research organizations, private businesses, contracting and consulting firms, among others.

Students are given the opportunity to apply their knowledge and practice their skills in actual settings. They are required to submit a written report documenting the tasks, responsibilities, learning experiences, training and hours worked. The OJT is done under the supervision of designated authority in the institution/agency which will evaluate the student periodically and submit the evaluation form to the assigned faculty member.

The required number of hours for the OJT is 200 hours.


Career Opportunities for BS in Public Administration graduates

As mentioned earlier, BS in Public Administration is a general program that can lead to any administrative position, both in the public sector and in private corporations. The range of occupations you can apply to will include any job that does not require special technical skills. Passing the Civil Service Examination is a requirement for many public sector positions.

Source: finduniversity.ph